TITLE: THE EVOLUTION AND MECHANICS OF JOYSTICKS: FROM GAMING TO AEROSPACE INTRODUCTION: JOYSTICKS HAVE TRANSCENDED THEIR ORIGINS AS MERE GAMING PERIPHERALS TO BECOME INTEGRAL COMPONENTS IN VARIOUS INDUSTRIES, FROM AVIATION AND SPACE EXPLORATION TO MEDICAL EQUIPMENT AND INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY. THESE VERSATILE INPUT DEVICES HAVE EVOLVED SIGNIFICANTLY SINCE THEIR INCEPTION, OFFERING PRECISE CONTROL AND ERGONOMIC DESIGN. THIS ARTICLE DELVES INTO THE EVOLUTION, MECHANICS, AND DIVERSE APPLICATIONS OF JOYSTICKS ACROSS DIFFERENT FIELDS. HISTORY OF JOYSTICKS: THE CONCEPT OF THE JOYSTICK DATES BACK TO THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY WHEN IT WAS INITIALLY USED IN AVIATION FOR CONTROLLING AIRCRAFT. THE EARLIEST JOYSTICKS WERE SIMPLE MECHANICAL DEVICES CONSISTING OF A LEVER MOUNTED ON A PIVOT, WHICH PILOTS USED TO MANEUVER THEIR PLANES. OVER TIME, JOYSTICKS FOUND THEIR WAY INTO ARCADE GAMES, HOME CONSOLES, AND EVENTUALLY PERSONAL COMPUTERS, REVOLUTIONIZING THE GAMING INDUSTRY. MECHANICS OF JOY...
REGISTERS AND ITS USES IN COMPUTER WORLD.
“IN THIS
LIFE, ALL WE HAVE IS MEMORY! ” THIS EXCLAMATORY SENTENCE IS USED BY MANY FILM
MAKERS IN THEIR DIALOG. SO DOES IT ACTUALLY MEAN SOMETHING TO THEM? YES
IT DEFINITELY MEANS EVERYTHING TO THEM AND US. THAT’S WHY THEY SHOW
THEM IN THEIR CINEMA (MOVIE, FILM WHATEVER YOU SAY).
MEMORIES
MEAN EVERYTHING THAT IS STORED IN OUR BRAIN AFTER WE EXPERIENCE IT AND THEN USE
IT AS A LESSON FOR LIFE OR ENTERTAINMENT PURPOSE. HUMANS AS WELL AS
ALL LIVING BEINGS DO THAT. BUT OUR TOPIC IS “WHAT ARE
REGISTERS? WHY DO COMPUTERS NEED THEM?”
SO HERE WE
BEGIN.
THE DISCRETE
ELEMENTS OF INFORMATION IN A DIGITAL COMPUTER MUST HAVE A PHYSICAL EXISTENCE IN
SOME INFORMATION STORAGE MEDIUM. FURTHERMORE, WHEN DISCRETE ELEMENTS OF
INFORMATION ARE REPRESENTED IN BINARY FORM, THE INFORMATION STORAGE MEDIUM MUST
CONTAIN BINARY STORAGE ELEMENTS FOR STORING INDIVIDUAL BITS.
A
BINARY CELL IS A DEVICE THAT POSSESSES TWO STABLE STATES AND IS CAPABLE OF
STORING ONE BIT OF INFORMATION. THE INPUT TO THE CELL RECEIVES
EXCITATION SIGNALS THAT SET IT TO ONE OF THE TWO STATES. THE
INFORMATION STORED IN A CELL IS 1 WHEN IT IS IN 1 STABLE STATE AND A 0 WHEN IN
OTHER STABLE STATE. EXAMPLES OF BINARY CELLS ARE ELECTRONIC
FLIP-FLOP CIRCUITS, FERRITE CORES USED IN MEMORY AND POSITION PUNCHED WITH A
HOLE OR NOT PUNCHED IN A CARD.
A REGISTER
IS A GROUP O BINARY CELLS. SINCE A CELL STORES ONE BIT OF
INFORMATION, IT FOLLOWS THAT A REGISTER WITH N CELLS CAN STORE ANY DISCRETE
QUANTITY OF INFORMATION THAT CONTAINS N BITS.
THE STATE OF
A REGISTER IS AN N-TUPLE NUMBER OF 1’S AND 0’S WITH EACH BIT DESIGNATING THE
STATE OF ONE CELL IN THE REGISTER. THE CONTENT OF A REGISTER IS A
FUNCTION OF THE INTERPRETATION GIVEN TO THE INFORMATION STORED IN IT.
A REGISTER
WITH N CELLS CAN BE ONE OF 2N POSSIBLE STATES. NOW
IF ONE ASSUMES THAT THE CONTENT OF THE REGISTER REPRESENTS A BINARY INTEGER, THEN
OBVIOUSLY THE REGISTER CAN STORE ANY BINARY NUMBER 0 TO 2N-1 .
LET US TAKE
AN EXAMPLE 1100001111001001 THIS NUMBER IS BINARY EQUIVALENT OF 50121 IN
DECIMAL NUMBER IF THE RULE IS ABOUT TAKING BINARY CODED DECIMAL FORM. IF
THE DESIGNER IS TAKING 8BIT REGISTERS. NOW IF THE CELL IS TAKING 7
BITS IT COULD DENOTE SOMETHING ELSE.
IN EXCESS-3
CODE THE ABOVE DECIMAL NUMBER IS 9096. IN THE EBCDIC OR IT IS TERMED
AS EXTENDED BINARY CODE DECIMAL INTERCHANGE CODE THE ABOVE NUMBER IS C (LEFT
EIGHT BITS) AND I (RIGHT EIGHT BITS).
FROM THIS
EXAMPLE, IT ITS CLEAR THAT A REGISTER CAN STORE ONE OR MORE DISCRETE ELEMENTS
OF INFORMATION AND THAT THE SAME BIT CONFIGURATION MAY BE INTERPRETED
DIFFERENTLY FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF ELEMENTS OF INFORMATION.
IT IS
IMPORTANT THAT THE USER STORE MEANINGFUL INFORMATION IN REGISTERS AND THAT THE
COMPUTER BE PROGRAMMED TO PROCESS THIS INFORMATION ACCORDING TO THE TYPE OF
INFORMATION STORED.
A DIGITAL COMPUTER IS
CHARACTERIZED BY ITS REGISTERS. THE MEMORY UNIT IS MERELY A
COLLECTION OF THOUSANDS OF REGISTERS FOR STORING DIGITAL
INFORMATION. THE PROCESSOR UNIT IS COMPOSED OF VARIOUS REGISTERS THAT
STORE OPERANDS UPON WHICH OPERATIONS ARE PERFORMED. THE CONTROL UNIT
USES REGISTERS TO KEEP TRACK O VARIOUS COMPUTER SEQUENCES, AND EVERY INPUT OR
OUTPUT DEVICE MUST HAVE AT LEAST ONE REGISTER TO STORE INFORMATION TRANSFERRED
TO OR FROM THE DEVICE.
AN INTER-REGISTER TRANSFER
OPERATION, A BASIC OPERATION IN DIGITAL SYSTEMS, CONSIST OF TRANSFER
OF THE INFORMATION STORED IN ONE REGISTER INTO ANOTHER. THEN THIS
INFORMATION IS BASED ON ALPHANUMERIC CODE WHICH IS DECIDED BY THE HARDWARE DESIGNER.
HERE IN ALPHANUMERIC CODE, THE LETTER WHICH IS TYPED BY THE USER IS
CONVERTED INTO 8 BIT CODE WHICH IS IN THE FORM OF 1 AND 0 SIDE BY
SIDE.
THE CHARACTER WHICH IS TYPED BY THE USER GOES TO INPUT REGISTER, IN THE FORM OF 10010100(THIS IS AN EXAMPLE IT MAY OR MAY NOT BE THE SAME ) AS THE RULE DECIDED BY THE HARDWARE DEVELOPERS. THEN ON ANOTHER SECOND, THE TYPED AND CONVERTED CODE IS PUT IN THE PROCESSOR REGISTERS WHERE THE PROCESSING TAKES PLACE. HERE PROCESSOR CONSIST OF REGISTERS WHICH IS INTERNAL TO IT. THE EIGHT BIT CODE IS AGAIN TRANSFERRED FROM INTERNAL REGISTER OF PROCESSOR TO OUTPUT REGISTERS OF THE OUTPUT DEVICE.
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