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INTERFACES IN COMPUTER AND USB IN DETAIL

IN COMPUTING, AN INTERFACE IS A SHARED BOUNDARY ACROSS WHICH TWO SEPARATE COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM EXCHANGE INFORMATION. THERE ARE SEVERAL DIFFERENT TYPES OF INTERFACES, CATEGORIZED BASED ON THEIR PURPOSE AND WHERE THEY ARE USED. HERE'S A BREAKDOWN OF THE MAIN TYPES: 1. USER INTERFACES (UI) THESE ALLOW HUMANS TO INTERACT WITH COMPUTERS. GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACE (GUI): USES WINDOWS, ICONS, MENUS, AND POINTERS (E.G., WINDOWS, MACOS, GNOME). COMMAND-LINE INTERFACE (CLI): USERS TYPE COMMANDS INTO A CONSOLE OR TERMINAL (E.G., LINUX TERMINAL, COMMAND PROMPT). TOUCH USER INTERFACE: USES TOUCHSCREENS (E.G., SMARTPHONES, TABLETS). VOICE USER INTERFACE (VUI): INTERACTS VIA SPOKEN COMMANDS (E.G., SIRI, ALEXA). NATURAL USER INTERFACE (NUI): USES GESTURES, GAZE, OR BIOMETRICS (E.G., KINECT, EYE-TRACKING). 2. HARDWARE INTERFACES ENABLE COMMUNICATION BETWEEN PHYSICAL DEVICES. PERIPHERAL INTERFACES: CON...
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FLASH MEMORY - A SHORTNOTE

 FLASH MEMORY HELLO FRIENDS TODAY I AM GOING TO TELL YOU  SOMETHING ABOUT WHAT  I KNOW ABOUT A TOPIC KNOWN AS  VIRTUAL MEMORY, SO LETS BEGIN. VIRTUAL MEMORY IS A MEMORY MANAGEMENT CAPABILITY OF AN OPERAING SYSTEM THAT USES HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE TO ALLOW A COMPUTER TO COMPENSATE FOR PHYSICAL MEMORY SHORTAGES BY TEMPORARILY TRANSFERING DATA FROM RAM TO INACTIVE SPACE IN HARD DISK DRIVES TO FORM CONTIGOUS ADDRESESE THAT HOLD BOTH THE APPLICATION AND ITS DATA. A SYSTEM USING VIRTUAL MEMORY USES A SECTION OF HARD DISK DRIVE TO EMULATE RAM WITH VIRTUAL MEMORY A SYSTEM CAN LOAD LARGER PROGRAMS LIKE PUBG OR FREE FIRE RUNNING AT THE SAME TIME ALLOWING NO MORE RAM REQUISITE. WHILE COPYING VIRTUAL MEMORY INTO THE PHYSICAL MEMORY THE OS DIVIDES MEMORY INTO PAGE FILES WITH A FIXED NUMBER OF ADDRESSES. EACH PAGE IS STORE ON A DISK AND WHEN THE PAGE IS NEEDED THE OS COPIES IT FROM THE DISK TO THE RAM.  THIS IS CALLED A PAGE SWAPPING. SO LETS SEE HOW TO CONFIGURE A VIRTUAL MEMO...
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FILE SYSTEM AND FORMATTING

  FILE SYSTEM AND FORMATTING   IN THIS POST I AM GOING TO TEACH YOU ABOUT VARIOUS TYPES OF FILE SYSTEM AND FORMATTING USED IN COMPUTERS. SO LETS START.   THE FILE SYSTEM DICTATES HOW INFORMATION IS ORGANIZED ON THE DISK.   FOR EXAMPLE, THE FILE SYSTEM DETERMINES HOW LARGE THE ALLOCATION UNIT, OR STORAGE UNIT, THE FILE IS.     THE FOLLOWING SECTIONS INTRODUCE THE DIFFERENT FILE SYSTEMS AVAILABLE AND THE OS’ S THAT SUPPORT THEM.   THE FAT FILE SYSTEM – THE FILE ALLOCATION TABLE (FAT) FILE SYSTEM HAS BEEN THE MOST POPULAR FILE SYSTEM UP UNTI L THE LAST FEW YEARS.   THE FILE SYSTEM IS DESIGNED FOR THE SMALL DISK AND SIMPLE FOLDER STRUCTURES.     IT RESIDES IN THE BEGINNING OF THE SYSTEM. IT KEEPS TWO COPIES OF THE DATA IN ITS TABLE AS BACK UP SO THAT IF ANY COPIES BECOME CORRUPTED IT CAN CURE THAT CORRUPTION.     THE FILE ALLOCATION TABLE ALONG WITH THE ROOT FOLDER SHOULD BE KEPT ON FIXED POSITION SO THAT B...
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EXPANSION SLOTS: A SHORT NOTE

  FRIENDS TODAY I AM GOING TO SHARE MY KNOWLEDGE AND UNDERSTANDING OF THE EXPANSION SLOTS. SO LETS BEGIN WITH OUR TOPIC. EXPANSION SLOTS ARE USED TO PROVIDE ADDITIONAL PROPERTIES FOR CARRYING THE COMPUTATION TASK SUCH AS ADDITIONAL VIDEO, AUDIO AND SOUND, ADVANCED GRAPHICS AND ETHERNET.   SO LETS BEGIN WITH OUR KNOWLEDGE HUNTING. I WILL START BY AGP EXPANSION SLOTS.   AGP AGP STANDS FOR ACCELARATE GRAPHICS PORT.  AGP WAS INTRODUCED WITH HIGH SPEED 3D GRAPHICS DISPLAY IN 1996.  IT IS USED FOR OLDER GRAPHICS CARD TYPES WHICH IS DISCONTINUED BY PCI EX16 GRAPHICS PORT IN 2005.   THESE WERE KERNEL VERSION OF AGP MOST OF THE BRAND IN 1.5 VOLT DC.  AGP 1X CHANNEL AND 66MHZ CLOCK SPEED RESULTING A DATA TABLE OF 266 MBPS.   AGP 2X, 4X ,8X SPECIFICATION MULTIPLY MHZ CLOCK TO PRODUCE INCREASE THROUGHPUT. AGP 8X PRODUCES EFFECTIVE CLOCK FREQUENCY OF 533 MHZ RESULTING A THROUGHPUT OF 2 GBPS (2133MHZ) RESULTING A THROUGHPUT OF OVER A 32 BIT C...
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DIGITAL COMPUTER -A SHORT NOTE

  DIGITAL COMPUTER TODAY COMPUTERS ARE USED EXTENSIVELY IN EVERY DAY LIFE.  IT IS USED IN BASIC AS WELL AS INDUSTRIAL, SCIENTIFIC AND COMMERCIAL PURPOSES.  OUR SPACE PROGRAM WOULD NOT HAVE BEEN WELL DEVELOPED WITHOUT THE REAL TIME MONITORING OF THE MACHINE OF THE SPACECRAFT WHICH WAS GOING TO LAND ON MOON OR ANY OTHER PLANET OF THE SCHEDULED PROGRAM OR LAUNCHING OF SATELLITES ON THE ORBIT OF EARTH. THIS IS THE SCIENTIFIC PURPOSE I TOLD YOU ABOUT WHILE IT HAS COMMERCIAL PURPOSES.  LIKE AUTOMATIC DATA PROCESSING WHICH THE BUSINESS ENTERPRISE USES.   IT HAS MANY WORKS IN EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES FOR EXAMPLE MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION ANSWERS CAN BE CHECKED WITHOUT ANY ERROR AND THEN THE RESULTS CAN BE PRINTED OUT AUTOMATICALLY WITH THE HELP OF THE PRINTER WHICH IS CONNECTED TO THE DIGITAL COMPUTER.  DIGITAL COMPUTER ARE ALSO USED IN AIR TRAFFIC CONTROL TO CONTROL THE AVIATION INDUSTRY TO HELP THEM CONTROL THE PLANES BY SENDING THEM DATA ABO...
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DIFFERENT EDITIONS OF WINDOWS 8.1

  Different editions of windows 8.1     THERE ARE THREE TYPES OF EDITION OF WINDOWS 8.1.  THEY ARE MADE FOR DIFFERENT USERS OF PUBLIC.  MANY USE IT FOR RESEARCH WORK; MANY USE IT FOR BUSINESS WORK.  I AM GOING TO WRITE FEW THINGS ABOUT DIFFERENT VERSION OF WINDOWS 8.1 OR I SAY I WILL GIVE INTRODUCTION OF EDITIONS OF WINDOWS 8.1.  SO LET’S START   WE SHOULD SELECT A DEVICE WITH THE BEST MIX OF FEATURE WHICH CAN SUIT THE USERS NEED ACCORDING TO THE DEFINITION.  ALSO IT IS IMPORTANT TO SELECT THE SUITABLE VERSION OF WINDOWS 8.1 OPERATING SYSTEM.  MOST OF THE VENDORS PROVIDE PREINSTALLED OPERATING SYSTEMS WITH THE DEVICE.  FOR EXAMPLE MICROSOFT SURFACE PRO COMES PREINSTALLED WITH A 64BIT EDITION OF WINDOWS 8.1 PRO.   WINDOWS 8.1   –THIS EDITION OF WINDOWS 8.1 CONTAINS ONLY THE KEY OPERATING SYSTEM FEATURES AND RUNS APPLICATION SUCH AS MICROSOFT OFFICE SUIT.  THIS IS APPROPRIAT...
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COMPUTER FREQUENTLY RESTARTS, COMPUTER RANDOMLY RESTARTS.

  COMPUTER FREQUENTLY RESTARTS WHAT TO DO WHEN COMPUTER FREQUENTLY RESTARTS.  WHAT ARE THE REASONS FOR ITS PERFORMANCE DEGRADATION?  LET US SEE! CAUSE NO 1 CPU OVERHEAT SOLUTION    CHECK THE CPU TEMPERATURE FROM BIOS.  IF THE CPU TEMPERATURE IS HIGH, EJECT THE CPU FAN AND CLEAN IT PROPERLY WITH COMPRESSED AIR AND BRUSH.   APPLY THE RIGHT COOLING PASTE WITH A PIECE OF CLOTH. NOW APPLY GOOD QUALITY COOLING PASTE WITH A THERMAL COMPOUND OVER THE PROCESSOR.  ATTACH THE HEAT SINK AND FAN AND CHECK THE TEMPERATURE AGAIN.  IF THE CPU FAN SPEED IS LOW AFTER CLEANING , CLEAN THE FAN WITH ISOPROPHYL ALCOHOL, DIESEL AND WHITE PETROL. NOW ATTACH THE FAN AGAIN CHECK THE FAN SPEED IF IT IS SAME AS BEFORE REPLACE THE FAN. CAUSE NO 2 VIRUS   IF THE PROBLEM IS RELATED TO VIRUS.  INSTALL A GOOD QUALITY ANTIVIRUS SOFTWARE (AVAST, AVG AND QUICK HEAL)ETC AND SCAN THE SYSTEM. CAUSE NO 3 RECENTLY INSTALLED A SOFTWARE, HARDWARE, DEVICE DRIVER. ...
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DIGITAL IMAGES, DIGITAL IMAGES QUALITIES A SHORTNOTE

DIGITAL IMAGES, DIGITAL IMAGES QUALITIES A SHORT NOTE: THE FOLLOWING TERMINOLOGY IS HELPFUL TO KNOW WHEN LEARNING ABOUT THE TYPES OF DIGITAL IMAGES.   TONAL RANGE  – IT IS ALSO CALLED DYNAMIC RANGE.  THIS TERM REFERS  TO DARK TO LIGHT RANGES OR VALUES IN AN IMAGE USUALLY REFERED TO AS SHADOWS MIDTONES AND HIGHLIGHTS.  AN IMAGE THAT CONTAINS ALL OR MOST OF THE POSSIBLE TONES, RATHER THAN A SMALLER PORTION OF THE POSSIBLE TONES, USUALLY APPEARED  MORE DETAILS AND SAID TO HAVE LARGER TONAL RANGE OR DYNAMIC RANGE.   TONES MAY ALSO REFFERED TO AS LEVELS OR INTENSITIES.   BRIGHTNESS LIGHTNESS LUMINOSITY LUMINANCE   - THESE TERMS REFER TO DARK TO LIGHT TONAL CHARACTERISTICS, AS OPPOSED TO COLOR CHARACTERISTICS.  THEY CAN BE THOUGHT OF AS DESCRIBING THE IMAGE AS IF THE COLORS HAD BEEN CONVERTED TO BLACKS GRAYS AND WHITES   HUE – IT IS IDENTIFIED BY THE NAME OF THE COLOR SUCH AS RED ...
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CLEAN INSTALLATION OF WINDOWS 8.1

  CLEAN INSTALLATION OF WINDOWS 8.1   THERE ARE TOTAL THREE TYPES OF INSTALLATION OF WINDOWS 8.1.  NAMELY CLEAN INSTALLATION, UPGRADE INSTALLATION AND MIGRATION.  ALL OF THE THREE ARE IMPORTANT TO LEARN.  BUT IN THIS POST I AM GOING TO TELL YOU SOMETHING ABOUT CLEAN INSTALLATION WHICH IS A MOST IMPORTANT TYPE OF INSTALLATION.  SO LET US BEGIN   CLEAN INSTALLATION   :- A CLEAN INSTALLATION MEANS INSTALLING THE WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM ON THE HARD DISK WITH NO PREVIOUS INSTALLATION OR WHEN THE DISK IS FORMATED PRIOR TO THE INSTALLATION.    USING AN IMAGE CAN ALSO PERFORM AN INSTALLATION.  CLEAN INSTALLATION CAN BE DONE ON BOTH COMPUTERS WITH AND WITHOUT AN OPERATING SYSTEM.     EXECUTED A CLEAN INSTALLATION ON A COMPUTER WITHOUT AN OPERATING SYSTEM BY STARTING DIRECTLY FROM THE DVD, AND IF THE COMPUTER ALREADY HAS AN OPERATING SYSTEM, RUN SETUP.EXE TO START INSTALLATION.   CLEAN INSTALL...
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BIOS

                                                                  BIOS WHENEVER WE START OUR COMPUTER, THE FIRST THING THAT OPERATES IS THE BIOS KNOWN AS “BASIC INPUT OUTPUT  SYSTEM” .  IT ACTUALLY DOES THAT WHAT IS KNOWN AS BOOTING I.E. CHECKING WHETHER THE HARDWARE IS WORKING PROPERLY OR NOT.  BY MONITORING THE BIOS, YOU CAN MANAGE HARDWARE, INSTALL COMPABILITY UPDATES, CHANGE THE SEQUENCE OF THE BOOTING AND ALSO OTHER FUNCTIONS. BY VIEWING THE INFORMATION PROVIDED IN THE BIOS BASIC MONITORING OF THE MANY ITEMS CAN BE DONE WITH VARYING DEGREES OF UNCERTAINITY. IT IS SIMPLY MATTER OF NAVIGATING THE MENU BASED BIOS PROGRAM AND LOCATING THE PROPER SCREEN THAT PROVIDES THE INFORMATION.  EXAMPLES ARE PROVIDED IN THE FOLLOWING SECTIONS ALL ABOUT BIOS      ...
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