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HOW DOES A SOUND CARD AND VIDEO CARD WORK

  HOW DOES A SOUND CARD AND VIDEO CARD WORK? AN AUDIO INTERFACE, COMMONLY REFERRED TO AS A SOUND CARD, IS A HARDWARE COMPONENT INTEGRAL TO A COMPUTER SYSTEM, TASKED WITH PROCESSING AND MANAGING AUDIO SIGNALS. ITS CORE FUNCTION INVOLVES THE BIDIRECTIONAL CONVERSION OF DIGITAL DATA INTO ANALOG SIGNALS FOR AUDIO OUTPUT (SPEAKERS/HEADPHONES) AND ANALOG INPUT INTO DIGITAL DATA FOR SYSTEM PROCESSING.   1.  **BIDIRECTIONAL SIGNAL CONVERSION:** THE SOUND CARD FACILITATES BOTH INPUT AND OUTPUT. FOR INPUT, IT CONVERTS ANALOG AUDIO SIGNALS FROM SOURCES SUCH AS MICROPHONES INTO DIGITAL DATA FOR COMPUTER PROCESSING. FOR OUTPUT, IT TRANSFORMS DIGITAL AUDIO DATA INTO ANALOG SIGNALS, ENABLING PLAYBACK THROUGH SPEAKERS OR HEADPHONES. 2.  **ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION (ADC):** FOR INPUT SIGNALS, AN INTEGRATED ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTER (ADC) TRANSFORMS CONTINUOUS ANALOG WAVEFORMS INTO DISCRETE DIGITAL DATA, MAKING THEM INTERPRETABLE AND PROCESSABLE BY THE COMPUTER. 3.  **DIGI...

FLASH MEMORY - A SHORTNOTE

 FLASH MEMORY

flash memory, flash memory rom


HELLO FRIENDS TODAY I AM GOING TO TELL YOU  SOMETHING ABOUT WHAT  I KNOW ABOUT A TOPIC KNOWN AS  VIRTUAL MEMORY, SO LETS BEGIN.


VIRTUAL MEMORY IS A MEMORY MANAGEMENT CAPABILITY OF AN OPERAING SYSTEM THAT USES HARDWARE AND SOFTWARE TO ALLOW A COMPUTER TO COMPENSATE FOR PHYSICAL MEMORY SHORTAGES BY TEMPORARILY TRANSFERING DATA FROM RAM TO INACTIVE SPACE IN HARD DISK DRIVES TO FORM CONTIGOUS ADDRESESE THAT HOLD BOTH THE APPLICATION AND ITS DATA.


A SYSTEM USING VIRTUAL MEMORY USES A SECTION OF HARD DISK DRIVE TO EMULATE RAM WITH VIRTUAL MEMORY A SYSTEM CAN LOAD LARGER PROGRAMS LIKE PUBG OR FREE FIRE RUNNING AT THE SAME TIME ALLOWING NO MORE RAM REQUISITE.


WHILE COPYING VIRTUAL MEMORY INTO THE PHYSICAL MEMORY THE OS DIVIDES MEMORY INTO PAGE FILES WITH A FIXED NUMBER OF ADDRESSES. EACH PAGE IS STORE ON A DISK AND WHEN THE PAGE IS NEEDED THE OS COPIES IT FROM THE DISK TO THE RAM.  THIS IS CALLED A PAGE SWAPPING.


SO LETS SEE HOW TO CONFIGURE A VIRTUAL MEMORY.


RIGHT CLICK ON MY COMPUTER  THIS PC  PROPERTIES  ADVANCE SYSTEM SETTING  PERFORMANCE SETTING ADVANCED  VIRTUAL MEMORY  CHANGE  UNCHECK AUTOMATICALLY MANAGE PAGING FILES SIZE FOR ALL DRIVES  SELECT CUSTOM SIZE TYPE THE PAGE FILE SIZE IN MEGA BYTES  CHECK ON SET  OK OK OK RESTART THE SYSTEM. 


NOW I AM GOING TO DO A DETAIL ANALYSIS OF THE VIRTUAL MEMORY OR FLASH MEMORY.


IT IS A MODERN DATA STORAGE TECHNOLOGY WHICH IS HIGHLY DEMANDED IN TODAYS MARKET.  WE CAN CREATE, EDIT AND DELETE DATA IN THIS MEMORY.  IT IS THE TYPE OF READ ONLY MEMORY NAMELY EEPROM (ELECTRICALLY ERASABLE PROGRAMABLE READ ONLY MEMORY).


IT IS DIFFERENT FROM CONVENTIONAL ROM.  IT IS A FAST, ENERGY EFFICIENT AND REWRITABLE.  IT  IS A NONVOLTAILE  MEMORY WHICH MEANS IT REMAIN DATA WITHOUT AN ACTIVE POWER SOURCE.  FLASH MEMORY COMES BUILT INTO SOLID STATE CHIPS AND EACH CHIP HOUSES AN ARRAY OF FLASH MEMORY CELLS.


EACH CELL OF FLASH MEMORY  IS MADE BY METAL OIDE SEMICONDUCTOR FIELD EFFECT TRANSISTOR (MOSFET) AND TIN OXIDE.  CURRENT FLOWS HROUGH HE TRANSISTOR BETWEEN EACH CELL SOURCE AND DRAINED


THE TRANSISTOR CONTROLS THE PATH OF THE CURRENT BY ACTING AS ON OFF SWITCH AND THE TIN OXIDE MAKE THE CELL STORE ELECTRONS.  THE TRANSISTOR  ALLOWS THE FLOW OF ELECTRONS ACROSS THE CELL, WHICH STORES A BINARY ONE.  AND OFF TRANSISTOR  BLOCKS ELECTRONS AND STORES A BINARY ZERO.





NOW LET US DISCUSS THE TYPE OF FLASH MEMORY

A FLASH MEMORY COMES IN TWO BASIC TUES NOR AND NAND.  THE NAME REFLECT THE TYPES OF LOGIC GATES UTILIZED.  LOGIC GATES ARE GROUP OF TRANSISTORS THAT WORK TOGETHER TO CARRY OUT AND “IF THEN” FUNCTION TO PRODUCE THE DESIRED OUTPUT.


 THE LOGIC GATES STRUCTURE DETERMINE WHICH OUTPUT WILL RESULT FROM ANY POSSIBLE INPUT.


NOR FLASH MEMORIES ARE FASTER THAN NAND.  IT COMES AT A HIGHER PRIZE USED IN SOLID STATE DRIVES AND INTEL PATENT OPTANE MEMORIES.


NAND FLASH MEMORIES ARE SLOWER AND CHEAPER  COMPARE TO NOR AND USED IN SECURE DIGITAL CARDS AND USB PEN DRIVES.  THE ONLY ONE DISADVANTAGE USING FLASH MEMORY IS ITS LIFE CYCLE COMPARING TO MAGNETIC STORAGE COMPONENTS LIKE HARD DISK.  


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