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JOYSTICK WORKING AND DRIFT :GAMING TO AEROSPACE

  TITLE: THE EVOLUTION AND MECHANICS OF JOYSTICKS: FROM GAMING TO AEROSPACE INTRODUCTION: JOYSTICKS HAVE TRANSCENDED THEIR ORIGINS AS MERE GAMING PERIPHERALS TO BECOME INTEGRAL COMPONENTS IN VARIOUS INDUSTRIES, FROM AVIATION AND SPACE EXPLORATION TO MEDICAL EQUIPMENT AND INDUSTRIAL MACHINERY. THESE VERSATILE INPUT DEVICES HAVE EVOLVED SIGNIFICANTLY SINCE THEIR INCEPTION, OFFERING PRECISE CONTROL AND ERGONOMIC DESIGN. THIS ARTICLE DELVES INTO THE EVOLUTION, MECHANICS, AND DIVERSE APPLICATIONS OF JOYSTICKS ACROSS DIFFERENT FIELDS. HISTORY OF JOYSTICKS: THE CONCEPT OF THE JOYSTICK DATES BACK TO THE EARLY 20TH CENTURY WHEN IT WAS INITIALLY USED IN AVIATION FOR CONTROLLING AIRCRAFT. THE EARLIEST JOYSTICKS WERE SIMPLE MECHANICAL DEVICES CONSISTING OF A LEVER MOUNTED ON A PIVOT, WHICH PILOTS USED TO MANEUVER THEIR PLANES. OVER TIME, JOYSTICKS FOUND THEIR WAY INTO ARCADE GAMES, HOME CONSOLES, AND EVENTUALLY PERSONAL COMPUTERS, REVOLUTIONIZING THE GAMING INDUSTRY. MECHANICS OF JOY...
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INTERNET PROTOCOL

INTERNET PROTOCOL 


INTERNET PROTOCOL, WHAT IS INTERNET PROTOCOL


FRIENDS, TODAY I AM GOING TO DISCUSS SOMETHING ABOUT IP ADDRESSING.  IP IS A LOGICAL ADDRESS FULL FORM INTERNET PROTOCOL.  IT PROVIDES LOGICAL ADDRESS TO NETWORKING DEVICES.  THESE ADDRESSES ARE USED TO DEFINE SOURCE AND DESTINATION OF DATA PACKETS

 

IP HAS TWO VERSIONS

1.       IP VERSION 4

2.       IP VERSION 6

 

IP VERSION 4

 

IT IS 32 BIT ADDRESS WRITTEN IN DECIMAL NUMBER  FORMAT  192.168.1.1

THE NUMBERS IN THE DIGITS LIKE 192.68.1.1 HERE EVERY NUMBER BEFORE THE DOT IS AN OCTET. HERE IT IS SHOWN THAT EACH DIGIT IS PRECEDED BY DOT IS AN NUMBER BELONGING TO AN OCTET LIKE FIRST OCTET, SECOND OCTET , THIRD OCTET AND FOURTH OCTET.

 

EACH OCTET IS AN NUMBER IN BINARY FORM WRITTEN IN 2^8=256 BINARY FORM HERE THE DIGIT SHOWS THAT A VARIABLE IS IN THE BY POWER OF 2, HERE I WANT TO SAY THAT AS COMPUTER UNDERSTANDS BINARY DIGIT IN WHICH THE VARIABLES ARE 0 AND 1.  AS THE COMPUTER UNDERSTANDS BINARY DIGIT SO IT HAS ONLY 2 VALUES.

 

HENCE THE POWER IS WRITTEN IN 2. SO THE TOTAL NUMBER IN AN OCTET IS 256, HENCE THE VARIABLE IS IN (0-255) VALUES. AS OCTET HAS FOUR DIVISION SO THE VALUES AS THE NUMBER OF DIGITS IS 2^32. HERE I WANT TO ADD THAT THE VALUES IN AN OCTET IS 256 AS IT HAS 8 DIGITS IN A NUMBER AND THERE ARE FOUR OCTETS SO IT IS 2^32 = 429,49,67,296 VALUES OF DIFFERENT IP DIGITS.

 

NOW LETS GET BACK TO WORK

 

IP VERSION 4 ADDRESSES  ARE CLASSIFIED IN 5 CLASSES

CLASS A à 0.0.0.0 ------à127.255.255.255

0.0.0.0    IS RESERVED.  IT IS NOT USED IN FIRST OCTET.

127.0.0.0– 127.255.255.255 IS RESERVED FOR AS LOOPBACK ADDRESS.  IT IS USED TO TEST FOR WORKING OF THE LAN CARD.  SO ACTUAL RANGE OF THE FIRST OCTET IS AS UNDER.

1.0.0.0    -----à126.255.255.255

 

 

CLASS B à 128.0.0.0 à191.255.255.255

CLASS C à 192.0.0.0 à223.255.255.255

CLASS Dà  224.0.0.0 à239.255.255.255

CLASS Eà  240.0.0.0 à255.255.255.255

 

CLASS A

CLASS B                  UNICAST + BROADCAST.  CONFIGURE IN PC

CLASS C

 

CLASS D           MULTICAST

 


CLASS E             RESERVED FOR SCIENTIFIC PURPOSE.

INTERNET PROTOCOL VERSION 4  IS OFF TWO TYPES

A)     PRIVATE IP ADDRESS

B)      PUBLIC   IP ADDRESS

 

A)     PRIVATE IP ADDRESS

 

THIS ADDRESSES ARE USED LIN PRIVATE NETWORK, SUCH AS LAN.  WE CANNOT ACCESS INTERNET WITH THIS IP ADDRESSES.  WE DO NOT NEED TO PAY TO ANY ONE TO USE THIS ADDRESSES

CLASS A à 10.0.0.0 à10.255.255.255

CLASS B à 172.16.0.0 à172.31.255.255

CLASS C à 192.168.0.0 à192.168.255.255

 

B)      PUBLIC IP ADDRESS

 

THIS ADDRESES ARE USED IN PUBLIC NETWORK SUCH AS WAN AND INTERNET.  WE NEED TO PAY TO SERVICE PROVIDER TO USE THIS IP ADDRESS

YOU MAY LIKE THIS:INKJET PRINTER

YOU MAY LIKE THIS:HOW TO CONFIGURE VIRTUAL MEMORY.

YOU MAY LIKE THIS:HOW DO COMPUTER UNDERSTAND LOGIC

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