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DETAILED ARTICLE ON MEMORY IN COMPUTER.

  MEMORY OF COMPUTER: DETAILED EXPLANATION INTRODUCTION MEMORY IN A COMPUTER IS THE MOST ESSENTIAL COMPONENT THAT STORES DATA, INSTRUCTIONS, AND INFORMATION TEMPORARILY OR PERMANENTLY. IT ACTS AS A BRIDGE BETWEEN THE CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU) AND THE STORAGE DEVICES, ENSURING SMOOTH DATA PROCESSING AND RETRIEVAL. WITHOUT MEMORY, A COMPUTER CANNOT PERFORM ANY OPERATION. COMPUTER MEMORY IS BROADLY CATEGORIZED BASED ON ACCESS TIME, CAPACITY, COST, AND VOLATILITY . IT DETERMINES THE PERFORMANCE AND EFFICIENCY OF THE ENTIRE SYSTEM. TYPES OF COMPUTER MEMORY COMPUTER MEMORY IS MAINLY DIVIDED INTO PRIMARY MEMORY AND SECONDARY MEMORY , AND ALSO INCLUDES CACHE MEMORY AND VIRTUAL MEMORY AS SPECIAL TYPES. 1. PRIMARY MEMORY (MAIN MEMORY) PRIMARY MEMORY IS DIRECTLY ACCESSIBLE BY THE CPU. IT IS FAST BUT LIMITED IN SIZE AND VOLATILE IN NATURE, MEANING DATA IS LOST WHEN POWER IS TURNED OFF. CHARACTERISTICS: HIGH SPEED LIMITED STORAGE CAPACITY VOLATILE (T...
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INTERNET PROTOCOL

INTERNET PROTOCOL 


INTERNET PROTOCOL, WHAT IS INTERNET PROTOCOL


FRIENDS, TODAY I AM GOING TO DISCUSS SOMETHING ABOUT IP ADDRESSING.  IP IS A LOGICAL ADDRESS FULL FORM INTERNET PROTOCOL.  IT PROVIDES LOGICAL ADDRESS TO NETWORKING DEVICES.  THESE ADDRESSES ARE USED TO DEFINE SOURCE AND DESTINATION OF DATA PACKETS

 

IP HAS TWO VERSIONS

1.       IP VERSION 4

2.       IP VERSION 6

 

IP VERSION 4

 

IT IS 32 BIT ADDRESS WRITTEN IN DECIMAL NUMBER  FORMAT  192.168.1.1

THE NUMBERS IN THE DIGITS LIKE 192.68.1.1 HERE EVERY NUMBER BEFORE THE DOT IS AN OCTET. HERE IT IS SHOWN THAT EACH DIGIT IS PRECEDED BY DOT IS AN NUMBER BELONGING TO AN OCTET LIKE FIRST OCTET, SECOND OCTET , THIRD OCTET AND FOURTH OCTET.

 

EACH OCTET IS AN NUMBER IN BINARY FORM WRITTEN IN 2^8=256 BINARY FORM HERE THE DIGIT SHOWS THAT A VARIABLE IS IN THE BY POWER OF 2, HERE I WANT TO SAY THAT AS COMPUTER UNDERSTANDS BINARY DIGIT IN WHICH THE VARIABLES ARE 0 AND 1.  AS THE COMPUTER UNDERSTANDS BINARY DIGIT SO IT HAS ONLY 2 VALUES.

 

HENCE THE POWER IS WRITTEN IN 2. SO THE TOTAL NUMBER IN AN OCTET IS 256, HENCE THE VARIABLE IS IN (0-255) VALUES. AS OCTET HAS FOUR DIVISION SO THE VALUES AS THE NUMBER OF DIGITS IS 2^32. HERE I WANT TO ADD THAT THE VALUES IN AN OCTET IS 256 AS IT HAS 8 DIGITS IN A NUMBER AND THERE ARE FOUR OCTETS SO IT IS 2^32 = 429,49,67,296 VALUES OF DIFFERENT IP DIGITS.

 

NOW LETS GET BACK TO WORK

 

IP VERSION 4 ADDRESSES  ARE CLASSIFIED IN 5 CLASSES

CLASS A à 0.0.0.0 ------à127.255.255.255

0.0.0.0    IS RESERVED.  IT IS NOT USED IN FIRST OCTET.

127.0.0.0– 127.255.255.255 IS RESERVED FOR AS LOOPBACK ADDRESS.  IT IS USED TO TEST FOR WORKING OF THE LAN CARD.  SO ACTUAL RANGE OF THE FIRST OCTET IS AS UNDER.

1.0.0.0    -----à126.255.255.255

 

 

CLASS B à 128.0.0.0 à191.255.255.255

CLASS C à 192.0.0.0 à223.255.255.255

CLASS Dà  224.0.0.0 à239.255.255.255

CLASS Eà  240.0.0.0 à255.255.255.255

 

CLASS A

CLASS B                  UNICAST + BROADCAST.  CONFIGURE IN PC

CLASS C

 

CLASS D           MULTICAST

 


CLASS E             RESERVED FOR SCIENTIFIC PURPOSE.

INTERNET PROTOCOL VERSION 4  IS OFF TWO TYPES

A)     PRIVATE IP ADDRESS

B)      PUBLIC   IP ADDRESS

 

A)     PRIVATE IP ADDRESS

 

THIS ADDRESSES ARE USED LIN PRIVATE NETWORK, SUCH AS LAN.  WE CANNOT ACCESS INTERNET WITH THIS IP ADDRESSES.  WE DO NOT NEED TO PAY TO ANY ONE TO USE THIS ADDRESSES

CLASS A à 10.0.0.0 à10.255.255.255

CLASS B à 172.16.0.0 à172.31.255.255

CLASS C à 192.168.0.0 à192.168.255.255

 

B)      PUBLIC IP ADDRESS

 

THIS ADDRESES ARE USED IN PUBLIC NETWORK SUCH AS WAN AND INTERNET.  WE NEED TO PAY TO SERVICE PROVIDER TO USE THIS IP ADDRESS

YOU MAY LIKE THIS:INKJET PRINTER

YOU MAY LIKE THIS:HOW TO CONFIGURE VIRTUAL MEMORY.

YOU MAY LIKE THIS:HOW DO COMPUTER UNDERSTAND LOGIC

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